Prescription Drug Information: Abacavir (Page 5 of 7)

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenicity

Abacavir was administered orally at 3 dosage levels to separate groups of mice and rats in 2-year carcinogenicity studies. Results showed an increase in the incidence of malignant and non-malignant tumors. Malignant tumors occurred in the preputial gland of males and the clitoral gland of females of both species, and in the liver of female rats. In addition, non-malignant tumors also occurred in the liver and thyroid gland of female rats. These observations were made at systemic exposures in the range of 6 to 32 times the human exposure at the recommended dose of 600 mg.

Mutagenicity

Abacavir induced chromosomal aberrations both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation in an in vitro cytogenetic study in human lymphocytes. Abacavir was mutagenic in the absence of metabolic activation, although it was not mutagenic in the presence of metabolic activation in an L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay. Abacavir was clastogenic in males and not clastogenic in females in an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay.

Abacavir was not mutagenic in bacterial mutagenicity assays in the presence and absence of metabolic activation.

Impairment of Fertility

Abacavir did not affect male or female fertility in rats at a dose associated with exposures (AUC) approximately 3.3 times (male) or 4.1 times (female) those in humans at the clinically recommended dose.

13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology

Myocardial degeneration was found in mice and rats following administration of abacavir for 2 years. The systemic exposures were equivalent to 7 to 24 times the expected systemic exposure in humans at a dose of 600 mg. The clinical relevance of this finding has not been determined.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

14.1 Adult Trials

Therapy-Naive Adults

CNA30024 was a multicenter, double-blind, controlled trial in which 649 HIV-1-infected, therapy-naive adults were randomized and received either abacavir sulfate (300 mg twice daily), lamivudine (150 mg twice daily), and efavirenz (600 mg once daily); or zidovudine (300 mg twice daily), lamivudine (150 mg twice daily), and efavirenz (600 mg once daily). The duration of double-blind treatment was at least 48 weeks. Trial participants were male (81%), white (51%), black (21%), and Hispanic (26%). The median age was 35 years; the median pretreatment CD4+ cell count was 264 cells per mm3 , and median plasma HIV-1 RNA was 4.79 log10 copies per mL. The outcomes of randomized treatment are provided in Table 7.

Table 7. Outcomes of Randomized Treatment through Week 48 (CNA30024)
*
Subjects achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA less than or equal to 50 copies per mL (less than 400 copies per mL) through Week 48 (Roche AMPLICOR Ultrasensitive HIV-1 MONITOR standard test 1.0 PCR).
Includes viral rebound, insufficient viral response according to the investigator, and failure to achieve confirmed less than or equal to 50 copies per mL by Week 48.
Includes consent withdrawn, lost to follow up, protocol violations, those with missing data, clinical progression, and other.
Outcome Abacavir sulfate plus Lamivudine plus Efavirenz (n = 324) Zidovudine plus Lamivudine plus Efavirenz (n = 325)
Responder * 69% (73%) 69% (71%)
Virologic failures 6% 4%
Discontinued due to adverse reactions 14% 16%
Discontinued due to other reasons 10% 11%

After 48 weeks of therapy, the median CD4+ cell count increases from baseline were 209 cells per mm3 in the group receiving abacavir sulfate and 155 cells per mm3 in the zidovudine group. Through Week 48, 8 subjects (2%) in the group receiving abacavir sulfate (5 CDC classification C events and 3 deaths) and 5 subjects (2%) on the zidovudine arm (3 CDC classification C events and 2 deaths) experienced clinical disease progression.

CNA3005 was a multicenter, double-blind, controlled trial in which 562 HIV-1-infected, therapy-naive adults were randomized to receive either abacavir sulfate (300 mg twice daily) plus COMBIVIR (lamivudine 150 mg/zidovudine 300 mg twice daily), or indinavir (800 mg 3 times a day) plus COMBIVIR twice daily. The trial was stratified at randomization by pre-entry plasma HIV-1 RNA 10,000 to 100,000 copies per mL and plasma HIV-1 RNA greater than 100,000 copies per mL. Trial participants were male (87%), white (73%), black (15%), and Hispanic (9%). At baseline the median age was 36 years; the median baseline CD4+ cell count was 360 cells per mm3 , and median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 4.8 log10 copies per mL. Proportions of subjects with plasma HIV-1 RNA less than 400 copies per mL (using Roche AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test) through 48 weeks of treatment are summarized in Table 8.

Table 8. Outcomes of Randomized Treatment through Week 48 (CNA3005)
*
Subjects achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA less than 400 copies per mL.
Includes viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed less than 400 copies per mL by Week 48.
Includes consent withdrawn, lost to follow up, protocol violations, those with missing data, clinical progression, and other.
Outcome Abacavir sulfate plus Lamivudine/Zidovudine (n = 262) Indinavir plus Lamivudine/Zidovudine (n = 265)
Responder * 49% 50%
Virologic failures 31% 28%
Discontinued due to adverse reactions 10% 12%
Discontinued due to other reasons 11% 10%

Treatment response by plasma HIV-1 RNA strata is shown in Table 9.

Table 9. Proportions of Responders through Week 48 by Screening Plasma HIV-1 RNA Levels (CNA3005)
Screening HIV-1 RNA (copies/mL) Abacavir sulfate plus Lamivudine/Zidovudine (n = 262) Indinavir plus Lamivudine/Zidovudine (n = 265)
<400 copies/mL n <400 copies/mL n
≥10,000 — ≤100,000 50% 166 48% 165
>100,000 48% 96 52% 100

In subjects with baseline viral load greater than 100,000 copies per mL, percentages of subjects with HIV-1 RNA levels less than 50 copies per mL were 31% in the group receiving abacavir versus 45% in the group receiving indinavir.

Through Week 48, an overall mean increase in CD4+ cell count of about 150 cells per mm3 was observed in both treatment arms. Through Week 48, 9 subjects (3.4%) in the group receiving abacavir (6 CDC classification C events and 3 deaths) and 3 subjects (1.5%) in the group receiving indinavir (2 CDC classification C events and 1 death) experienced clinical disease progression.

CNA30021 was an international, multicenter, double-blind, controlled trial in which 770 HIV-1-infected, therapy-naive adults were randomized and received either abacavir 600 mg once daily or abacavir 300 mg twice daily, both in combination with lamivudine 300 mg once daily and efavirenz 600 mg once daily. The double-blind treatment duration was at least 48 weeks. Trial participants had a mean age of 37 years; were; male (81%), white (54%), black (27%), and American Hispanic (15%). The median baseline CD4+ cell count was 262 cells per mm3 (range: 21 to 918 cells per mm3) and the median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 4.89 log10 copies per mL (range: 2.60 to 6.99 log10 copies per mL).

The outcomes of randomized treatment are provided in Table 10.

Table 10. Outcomes of Randomized Treatment through Week 48 (CNA30021)
*
Subjects achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies per mL (less than 400 copies per mL) through Week 48 (Roche AMPLICOR Ultrasensitive HIV-1 MONITOR standard test version 1.0).
Includes viral rebound, failure to achieve confirmed less than 50 copies per mL (less than 400 copies per mL) by Week 48, and insufficient viral load response.
Includes consent withdrawn, lost to follow up, protocol violations, clinical progression, and other.
Outcome Abacavir sulfate 600 mg q.d. plus EPIVIR plus Efavirenz (n = 384) Abacavir sulfate 300 mg b.i.d. plus EPIVIR plus Efavirenz (n = 386)
Responder * 64% (71%) 65% (72%)
Virologic failure 11% (5%) 11% (5%)
Discontinued due to adverse reactions 13% 11%
Discontinued due to other reasons 11% 13%

After 48 weeks of therapy, the median CD4+ cell count increases from baseline were 188 cells per mm3 in the group receiving abacavir 600 mg once daily and 200 cells per mm3 in the group receiving abacavir 300 mg twice daily. Through Week 48, 6 subjects (2%) in the group receiving abacavir sulfate 600 mg once daily (4 CDC classification C events and 2 deaths) and 10 subjects (3%) in the group receiving abacavir sulfate 300 mg twice daily (7 CDC classification C events and 3 deaths) experienced clinical disease progression. None of the deaths were attributed to trial medications.

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